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Shaft Construction, If in a hydro-electric scheme the water is conveyed to the turbines through a long conduit, a very large mass of water is contained in the conduit, and considerable forces are necessary to retard or accelerate this mass when the turbines & #8217; demand for water changes. Change of flow to the turbines also produces water hammer pressures, Such changes of flow occur whenever there is an alteration in the load demand from the turbines, i.e. when the electrical power required to be generated alters.